Características de orbitopatía asociada al tiroides y tasa de requerimiento de cirugía / Thyroid-associated orbitopathy characteristics and surgery requirement rate

RESUMO Objetivo: Conheça as características demográficas e clínicas da Órbita Associada da Tiroide (OAT), bem como a taxa de exigência da cirurgia orbital em pacientes do Centro Médico Nacional do Oeste. Métodos. Estudo observacional, transversal, descritivo e retrospetivo realizado analisando os registos de pacientes diagnosticados com OAT tratados num centro de cuidados de terceiro nível de janeiro de 2005 a julho de 2016. Os resultados. Um total de 236 órbitas de 118 pacientes foram avaliados, com uma idade média de 47,3 (13,2 anos, 74,6% eram do sexo feminino e 25,4% masculinos. 4,2% dos doentes foram tratados com hipotiroidismo, 94,1% com hipertireoidismo e 1,7% com goiter tóxico difuso. 44,9% dos doentes estudados com restrição de movimento ocular,10,2% com queratopatia de exposição e 51,7% com hipertensão intraocular. 34,7% dos doentes avaliados no serviço necessitaram de descompressão orbital, 16,1% de cirurgia palpebral e 8,5% de correção do hatrabisma. Na gestão conservadora destes doentes, 48,3% exigiam o uso de lubrificantes tópicos dos olhos, enquanto 52,5% dos pacientes necessitavam do uso de hipotensivos oculares em número variável. As conclusões. A OAT foi associada principalmente ao hipertiroidismo, sendo mais comum em pacientes do sexo feminino entre os 40 e os 59 anos; mais de 50% dos pacientes necessitaram do uso de hipotensivos oculares. Da mesma forma, a gestão cirúrgica foi realizada em mais de 50% dos pacientes, sendo a descompressão orbital a intervenção mais frequente.

ABSTRACT Objective. To know the demographic and clinical characteristics of Thyroid Associated Orbitopathy (TAO), as well as the requirement rate of orbital surgery in patients of the Orbit Service in the National Medical Center of the West, IMSS. Methods. Observational, cross-cutting, descriptive and retrospective study carried out analyzing the records of patients diagnosed with TAO and treated at a third-level care center from January 2005 to July 2016. Results. A total of 236 orbits of 118 patients were valued, with an average age of 47.3 ± 13.2 years, 74.6% were female and 25.4% male. 4.2% of patients were treated with hypothyroidism, 94.1% with hyperthyroidism and 1.7% with diffuse toxic goiter. 44.9% of patients studied had eye movement restriction,10.2% exposure keratopathy and 51.7% intraocular hypertension. 34.7% of patients valued in the service required orbital decompression, 16.1% palpebral surgery and 8.5% strabism correction. In the conservative management of these patients 48.3% required the use of topical eye lubricants, while 52.5% required the use of eye hypotensives in variable numbers. Conclusions. TAO was mainly associated with hyperthyroidism, being more common in female patients between the age of 40 and 59; more than 50% of patients required the use of eye hypotensives. Likewise, surgical management was performed in more than 50% of patients, with orbital decompression being the most frequent intervention.

Dysphonia, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, thyroid diseases, and noise complaints as probable factors associated with hearing loss among teachers / Disfonia, hipertensão arterial, diabetes mellitus, doenças da tireoide e queixas de ruído como prováveis fatores associados a perda auditiva em professores

ABSTRACT Objective: to verify a possible association between hearing loss and dysphonia, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, thyroid diseases, and noise complaints. Methods: a cross-sectional study involving 60 teachers, mean age 47.05 years. Pure-tone threshold audiometry was used to assess hearing, the voice questionnaire and voice acoustic evaluation were used for voice perception and quality, and the standardized questionnaire verified noise complaint and comorbidities. The statistical analysis was conducted with Mann-Whitney and Fisher's exact tests and multivariate linear regression. Results: there was a significant association between hearing loss and diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and thyroid disease (both p <0.0001), but there was no association between noise complaints and hearing loss in this population. The regression showed that dysphonia (p = 0.0311) and diabetes mellitus (p = 0.0302) are independent risk factors for hearing loss. A correlation was found between hearing loss and voice characteristics: roughness, breathiness, tension, and resonance. Conclusion: this study showed that hypertension and thyroid diseases are factors associated with hearing loss. In addition, dysphonia and diabetes mellitus are independent factors associated with hearing loss in teachers. These results show the need for policies aimed at promoting teachers' health.

RESUMO Objetivo: verificar possível associação da perda auditiva com disfonia, hipertensão arterial (HA), diabetes mellitus (DM), doenças da tireoide e queixas de ruído. Métodos: estudo transversal envolvendo 60 professores, média de idade de 47,05 anos. Foi avaliada a audição por meio da Audiometria tonal limiar, a percepção e qualidade vocal com o questionário vocal e a avaliação vocal acústica, enquanto a queixa de ruído e as comorbidades envolvidas foram investigadas com o questionário padronizado. A análise estatística utilizou os testes Ex-act de Mann Whitney, Fisher e regressão linear multivariada. Resultados: houve associação significante entre perda auditiva e DM, HA e doenças da tireoide (ambas p <0,0001), mas não foi encontrada associação entre queixa de ruído e perda auditiva nesta população. A regressão mostrou que as variáveis disfonia (p = 0,0311) e DM (p = 0,0302) são fatores de risco independentes para perda auditiva. Houve correlação entre perda auditiva e as características vocais rugosidade, soprosidade, tensão e ressonância. Conclusão: este estudo demostrou que HA e doenças da tireoide são fatores associados a perda auditiva, além disso a disfonia e DM se constituem em fatores associados independentes para a perda auditiva em professores. Estes resultados mostram a necessidade de políticas direcionadas a promoção da saúde do professor.

Evaluation of adult celiac disease from a tertiary reference center: a retrospective analysis

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE It has been observed that celiac disease (CD) is not restricted to a single type characterized by diarrhea but also has atypical, asymptomatic (silent), and latent forms. The prevalence of this autoimmune disease, which affects approximately 1% of the world, is estimated to be around 3%, including atypical and asymptomatic cases. In our study, we aimed to evaluate adult celiac patients. METHODS Between December 2008-2015, patients diagnosed with CD over the age of 18 years old were included in the study. Patients' symptoms at admission, frequency and type of anemia, transaminase levels, and celiac antibody positivity, and autoimmune diseases diagnosed at follow up were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS Of 195 patients, 151 (77.4%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 35.73 ± 12.19 years (range, 18-71 years). A hundred patients (51.3%) had gastrointestinal symptoms. At the time of admission, 118 patients (60.5%) had anemia, and 52 (26.7%) had hypertransaminasemia. During the mean follow-up period of 58 months (36-120 months), 84 (43.1%) of the patients presented at least one autoimmune disease, and this rate was 96.6% in individuals diagnosed above the age of 50 years. CONCLUSION In adult CD, resistant anemia, dyspepsia, and hypertransaminasemia are very common findings at the time of diagnosis, and the association with other autoimmune diseases, especially Hashimoto's thyroiditis, is high.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS Observou-se que a doença celíaca (DC) não se restringe a um único tipo caracterizado por diarreia, mas também tem formas atípicas, assintomáticas (silenciosas) e latentes. Estima-se que a prevalência desta doença autoimune, que afeta aproximadamente 1% da população do mundo, seja em torno de 3%, incluindo casos atípicos e assintomáticos. Em nosso estudo, objetivou-se avaliar pacientes celíacos adultos. MÉTODOS Entre dezembro de 2008 e 2015, pacientes diagnosticados como DC com idade acima de 18 anos foram incluídos no estudo. Os sintomas dos pacientes na admissão, frequência e tipo de anemia, níveis de transaminases e positividade de anticorpos celíacos e doenças autoimunes diagnosticadas no seguimento foram avaliados retrospectivamente. RESULTADOS Dos 195 pacientes, 151 (77,4%) eram do sexo feminino. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 35,73±12,19 anos (variação de 18 a 71 anos). Cem pacientes (51,3%) foram encaminhados com sintomas gastrointestinais. No momento da internação, 118 pacientes (60,5%) apresentavam anemia e 52 (26,7%) apresentavam hipertransaminemia. Durante o período médio de acompanhamento de 58 meses (36-120 meses), 84 (43,1%) pacientes estavam acompanhados por pelo menos uma doença autoimune, e essa taxa foi de 96,6% em indivíduos diagnosticados acima dos 50 anos de idade. CONCLUSÃO No adulto DC, anemia resistente, dispepsia e hipertransaminasemia são achados muito comuns no momento do diagnóstico e a associação com outras doenças autoimunes, especialmente tireoidite de Hashimoto, é alta.

La función tiroidea en pacientes con enfermedades autoinmunes / Thyroid function in patients with autoimmune diseases

Introducción: la aparición de enfermedad tiroidea autoinmune presenta una gran prevalencia en pacientes con diagnósticos de enfermedades autoinmunes. Objetivo: describir las enfermedades tiroideas autoinmunes en pacientes con enfermedades autoinmunes, atendidos en el Hospital Pediátrico William Soler Ledea, del 1ro. de octubre de 2014 al 31 de enero de 2017. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal y prospectivo en 42 pacientes con diagnóstico de enfermedad autoinmune. Se midieron variables demográficas, enfermedad autoinmune (lupus eritematoso sistémico, hepatitis autoinmune, artritis idiopática juvenil y esclerodermia), función tiroidea (eutiroidismo, hipotiroidismo e hipertiroidismo) y anticuerpos antitiroideos (antiperoxidasa y antitiroglobulina). Resultados: las enfermedades autoinmunes, con enfermedad tiroidea, se presentaron en 26,2 por ciento (n= 11): con hipotiroidismo 81,8 por ciento (n= 9) y con hipertiroidismo 18,2 por ciento (n= 2). El hipotiroidismo estuvo presente en adolescentes del sexo femenino (n= 7), el lupus eritematoso sistémico en el 88,9 por ciento (n= 8), seguido de esclerodermia en el 11,1 por ciento (n= 1). El hipertiroidismo solo se diagnosticó en el lupus eritematoso sistémico 100 por ciento (n= 2), ambas en adolescentes del sexo femenino. Solo 3 pacientes tuvieron anticuerpos antitiroideos positivos, solo 2 se correspondieron con enfermedad tiroidea autoinmune: hipotiroidismo con anticuerpos antitiroideos positivos 22,2 por ciento (n= 2, en este caso correspondiente al lupus eritematoso sistémico). Los pacientes sin enfermedad tiroidea (73,8 por ciento; n= 31), a su vez, predominaron en edades de 10-14 años (n= 15; 48,4 por ciento) y en el sexo femenino (n= 22; 71,0 por ciento). Conclusión: el hipotiroidismo es más frecuente en adolescentes femeninas, con diagnóstico de lupus eritematoso sistémico, y con evidencia de anticuerpos antitiroideos positivos(AU)

Introduction: the appearance of autoimmune thyroid disease has high prevalence in patients diagnosed with autoimmune diseases. Objective: to describe the autoimmune thyroid diseases in patients with autoimmune diseases attended at William Soler Ledea Pediatric Hospital from October 1, 2014 to January 31, 2017. Methods: descriptive, cross-sectional and prospective study in 42 patients diagnosed with autoimmune disease. Demographic variables, autoimmune disease (systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune hepatitis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis and scleroderma), thyroid function (euthyroidism, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism) and antithyroid antibodies (antiperoxidase and antithyroglobulin) were measured. Results: autoimmune diseases with thyroid disease occurred in 26.2 percent (n= 11), with hypothyroidism 81.8 percent (n= 9), and with hyperthyroidism 18.2 percent (n= 2). Hypothyroidism was present in female adolescents (n= 7), systemic erythematosus lupus in 88.9 percent (n= 8) followed by scleroderma in 11.1 percent (n= 1). Hyperthyroidism was only diagnosed 100 percent in systemic erythematosus lupus (n= 2), both in female adolescents. Only 3 patients had positive antithyroid antibodies, only 2 corresponded to autoimmune thyroid disease: hypothyroidism with positive antithyroid antibodies with 22.2 percent (n= 2, in this case corresponding to systemic lupus erythematosus). Patients without thyroid disease (73.8 percent; n= 31) predominated at ages from 10 to 14 years old (n= 15; 48.4 percent) and in females (n= 22; 71.0 percent). Conclusion: hypothyroidism is more frequent in female adolescents, with a diagnosis of systemic erythematosus lupus, and with evidence of positive antithyroid antibodies(AU)

Maternal hypothyroxinemia in the first trimester of gestation and association with obstetric and neonatal outcomes and iron deficiency: a prospective Brazilian study

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the association of isolated hypothyroxinemia in the first trimester with obstetric and neonatal outcomes and iron deficiency. Subjects and methods: The study was prospective. Women who had become pregnant spontaneously were initially selected. Next, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb), free T4 (FT4), total T4 (TT4), TSH, and ferritin were measured. TPOAb-positive women were excluded. The final sample consisted of 596 women with serum TSH between 0.1 and 2.5 mIU/l. Hypothyroxinemia was defined as FT4 < 0.86 ng/dL and < 0.92 ng/dL, corresponding to the 5th and 10th percentiles, respectively, and TT4 < 7.8 ng/dL. None of the pregnant women was treated with levothyroxine until the end of pregnancy. Results: The women ranged in age from 18 to 36 years, with a median gestation of 9 weeks. T4 levels were not correlated with BMI or maternal TSH. Isolated hypothyroxinemia was observed in 4.3% (FT4 < 0.86 ng/dL), 9% (FT4 < 0.92 ng/dL), and 7% (TT4 < 7.8 ng/dL) of the pregnant women. The frequencies of obstetric and neonatal outcomes were similar in women with versus without hypothyroxinemia. In women without iron deficiency, 8.4%, 3.9%, and 6.5% had FT4 < 0.92 ng/dl, FT4 < 0.86 ng/dL and TT4 < 7.8 ng/dL, respectively. These frequencies of hypothyroxinemia were significantly higher among women with iron deficiency (20.7%, 14.8% and 17.2%, respectively). Conclusions: This prospective Brazilian study found no association between isolated hypothyroxinemia in the first trimester of gestation and obstetric or neonatal outcomes, but an association was demonstrated with iron deficiency.

Thyrotropin and free thyroxine levels and coronary artery disease: cross-sectional analysis of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)

Data on the association between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and coronary artery disease (CAD) is scarce. We aimed to analyze the association between thyroid function and CAD using baseline data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). We included subjects with normal thyroid function (0.4-4.0 mIU/L, and normal free thyroxine, FT4, or 0.8 to 1.9 ng/dL), subclinical hypothyroidism (SCHypo; TSH>4.0 mIU/L and normal FT4), and subclinical hyperthyroidism (SCHyper; TSH<0.4 mIU/L and normal FT4) evaluated by coronary computed tomography angiography. We excluded individuals using medications that interfere in thyroid function or with past medical history of cardiovascular disease. Logistic regression models evaluated the presence of CAD, segment involvement score (SIS) >4, and segment severity score (SSS) >4 of coronary arteries as the dependent variables, and quintiles of TSH and FT4 as the independent variables, adjusted for demographical data and cardiovascular risk factors. We included 767 subjects, median age 58 years (IQR=55-63), 378 (49.3%) women, 697 euthyroid (90.9%), 57 (7.4%) with SCHypo, and 13 (1.7%) with SCHyper. No association between TSH and FT4 quintiles and CAD prevalence was noted. Similarly, no association between TSH levels and the extent or severity of CAD, represented by SIS>4 and SSS>4 were seen. Restricting analysis to euthyroid subjects did not alter the results. TSH levels were not significantly associated with the presence, extent, or severity of CAD in a middle-aged healthy population.

Manejo perioperatorio de pacientes con patología tiroidea y tratamiento crónico con corticoides / Perioperative management in patients with thyroid disorders and chronic glucocorticoid therapy

Abstract Thyroid disorders and chronic use of corticosteroids are common in the surgical population, so is necessary an appropriate perioperative management of these patients. There is no contraindication for elective surgery in patients with asymptomatic hypothyroidism and good control, it is not necessary to maintain thelevothyroxine dose the day of surgery, due to the pharmacokinetic properties of the drug. If hypothyroidpatients are symptomatic and/or have not reached the euthyroid phase, should be treated and compensatedprior to the elective surgical procedure. Patients with hyperthyroidism should keep their antithyroid treatmentincluding the day of surgery. The symptomatic and/or decompensated hyperthyroidism have an increasedrisk of developing a thyroid storm, so no elective surgery is recommended in these patients, which should beconducted once achieved an euthyroid state. A strict monitoring in the postoperative period is key to preventcomplications. Chronic glucocorticoid use is common. In these patients there is risk of developing acute adrenal insufficiency by surgical stress, so before surgery (elective or emergency) it is necessary to supplementwith exogenous corticosteroid dose dependent on the type of surgical procedure performed.

Resumen Los trastornos tiroideos y el uso crónico de corticoides son frecuentes en la población quirúrgica, por lo que es necesario un manejo perioperatorio adecuado en este tipo de pacientes. No existe contraindicación para una cirugía electiva en pacientes con hipotiroidismo asintomáticos y buen control, no siendo necesario mantener la dosis habitual de levotiroxina el día de la cirugía, debido a las características farmacocinéticas del medicamento. Si los pacientes hipotiroideos se encuentran sintomáticos y/o no han alcanzado la fase eutiroidea, deben ser tratados y compensados previo al procedimiento quirúrgico electivo. Los pacientes hipertiroideos deben mantener su tratamiento antitiroideo incluso el día de la cirugía. En el hipertiroidismo sintomático y/o descompensado existe mayor riesgo de desarrollar una tormenta tiroidea, por lo que no se recomiendacirugía electiva en este tipo de pacientes, la cual debe realizarse una vez logrado un estado eutiroideo. Una estricta monitorización en el período postoperatorio es clave para prevenir complicaciones. El uso crónico degluco corticoides es frecuente. En estos pacientes existe riesgo de desarrollar insuficiencia suprarrenal aguda ante el estrés quirúrgico, por lo que antes de una cirugía (electiva o de urgencia) es necesario suplementar concorticoides exógenos, en dosis dependientes del tipo de procedimiento quirúrgico a realizarse.

Alta frecuencia de trastornos tiroideos en el síndrome de ovario poliquístico / High frequency of thyroid abnormalities in polycystic ovary syndrome

La prevalencia de trastornos tiroideos (TT) no ha sido suficientemente evaluada en mujeres con síndrome de ovario poliquístico (SOP). El propósito de esta investigación fue examinar dicha relación. En este estudio prospectivo de diseño caso-control, se incluyeron 194 mujeres. El grupo SOP consistió en 142 pacientes diagnosticadas por criterios Rotterdam 2003, y el grupo control incluyó a 52 mujeres sanas apareadas por edad. Se extrajeron muestras de sangre en ayuno para dosajes de T4 libre, tirotrofina, anticuerpos antiperoxidasa (ATPO), insulinemia y glucemia y se calculó el índice HOMA. Un total de 52 pacientes con SOP presentó autoinmunidad tiroidea (AIT+) y/o hipotiroidismo subclínico (HSC) (36.6%) (TT+) en comparación con 7 mujeres del grupo de control (13.5%), lo que representa una frecuencia cinco veces mayor de TT en pacientes con SOP en comparación con los controles (odds ratio ajustado: 5.6; IC 95%: 2.1-14.9; p < 0.001). Las pacientes TT+ tuvieron valores de insulinemia y HOMA significativamente más altos que aquellas sin trastornos tiroideos (TT-) (p < 0.05).Este estudio muestra una alta tasa de TT en mujeres con SOP asociada a mayores niveles de insulinemia y HOMA. Teniendo en cuenta que el SOP, el hipotiroidismo y la autoinmunidad tiroidea pueden tener un profundo impacto en la salud reproductiva, nuestros datos sugieren que las pacientes con SOP deberían ser evaluadas para descartar TT.

The prevalence of thyroid abnormalities (TA) has not been sufficiently assessed in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Our aim was to evaluate this relationship. In this prospective study 194 women were included. The PCOS group consisted of 142 patients (diagnosed by Rotterdam 2003 criteria) and the control group included 52 age-matched healthy women. Fasting blood samples were drawn for free T4, thyrotropin, thyroperoxidase antibodies (TPOAb), fasting insulin, glucose and HOMA-IR were calculated. A total of 52 PCOS patients had either autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT+) and/or subclinical hypothyroidism (HSC) (36.6%) (thyroid abnormalities:TA+) compared with 7 women of the control group (13.5%), accounting for more than a five fold higher prevalence of TA in PCOS patients, compared with the age-matched controls (adjusted odds ratio: 5.6; CI 95%: 2.1 -14.9; p < 0.001). TA+ patients had significantly higher FI and HOMA-IR values than patients without thyroid abnormalities(p < 0.05). These results demonstrate a high rate of TA in young PCOS women, associated with higher levels of FI and HOMA-IR. As PCOS, hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity may have a profound impact on reproductive health, our data indicate that PCOS patients should be screened for TA.

Disfunción tiroidea en adultos infectados por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana

Los pacientes con infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV) tienen una mayor prevalencia de disfunción tiroidea cuando se los compara con la población general. Las manifestaciones más frecuentemente observadas son: el síndrome del eutiroideo enfermo, la enfermedad de Graves y el hipotiroidismo subclínico. La relación entre el uso de la terapia antirretroviral y el incremento en la prevalencia de alteraciones tiroideas fue demostrada en varias series de pacientes. La enfermedad de Graves se reconoce claramente como una consecuencia del síndrome de restitución inmune. Además, existen estudios que sugieren una relación entre hipotiroidismo y el uso de inhibidores nucleósidos de la transcriptasa reversa, en particular estavudina y el inhibidor no nucleósido de la transcriptasa reversa efavirenz. Nuevos estudios podrán aportar evidencia adicional sobre la necesidad de evaluaciones rutinarias de la función tiroidea en pacientes infectados por HIV.

Patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have a higher prevalence of thyroid dysfunction when compared with the general population. The most frequently observed manifestations are euthyroid sick syndrome, Graves´ disease and subclinical hypothyroidism. The relationship between the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy and the increased prevalence of thyroid dysfunction has been demonstrated in several series of patients. Grave’s disease is recognized as a consequence of immune restitution syndrome. Besides, several studies have suggested an association between hypothyroidism and the use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, particularly stavudine and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as efavirenz. Further studies could provide additional evidence of the need for routine assessment of thyroid function in HIV-infected patients.

Persistent primary hyperparathyroidism: an uncommon location for an ectopic gland - Case report and review / Hiperparatiroidismo primário persistente: glândula ectópica em localização rara - Caso clínico e revisão

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine disorder that mainly affects middle-aged women. Patients are usually asymptomatic. The disease might be ascribable to hyperplasia, carcinoma, and single or multiple adenomas. PHPT may be sporadic or familial, the latter comprising multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or 2A, familial benign hypocalciuria hypercalcemia, and hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome. The most common causes for persistent PHPT are multiglandular disease, and missed abnormal ectopic or orthotopic parathyroid glands. Imaging localization studies should precede a new surgical intervention. Ectopic parathyroid glands are rarely located at the aortopulmonary window. For diagnosis confirmation, 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT/CT seems to be an advantageous test. Another possibility is to perform 99mTc-sestamibi followed by thoracic CT or MRI. Parathyroidectomy may be performed by means of median sternotomy, thoracotomy, or video-assisted thoracoscopy. We describe a case of persistent primary hyperparathyroidism due to the presence of an ectopic parathyroid gland found at the aortopulmonary window. As the investigation necessary to clarify the etiology of recurrent nephrolithiasis proceeded, the diagnosis of PHPT was determined. The patient underwent subtotal parathyroidectomy; nevertheless, PHPT persisted. Genetic syndromes that could account for this condition were excluded. Imaging studies available at that time were not able to locate abnormal glands; moreover, the patient refused to undergo surgical exploration. Later, the patient underwent 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT/CT, which revealed a parathyroid gland at the aortopulmonary window.

O hiperparatiroidismo primário (HPP) é uma endocrinopatia frequente que afeta maioritariamente mulheres de meia-idade e é geralmente assintomática. A doença pode ser atribuível a hiperplasia, carcinoma, adenomas únicos ou múltiplos. O HPP inclui formas esporádicas e familiares. As formas familiares englobam neoplasia endócrina múltipla tipo 1 ou 2A, hipercalcemia hipocalciúrica familiar e síndrome hiperparatiroidismo/tumor mandibular-maxilar. As causas mais frequentes de HPP persistente são a presença de doença multiglandular ou de paratiroide anômala ectópica ou ortotópica não identificada previamente. É recomendável que a localização imagiológica preceda a reintervenção cirúrgica. A janela aortopulmonar é uma localização ectópica rara, sendo o 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT/TC um exame de confirmação vantajoso ou, alternativamente o 99mTc-sestamibi seguido de TC ou RM torácica. A paratiroidectomia pode ser efetuada por meio de esternotomia mediana, toracotomia ou toracoscopia videoassistida. Descrevemos um caso de HPP persistente atribuível à presença de uma glândula paratiroide ectópica localizada à janela aortopulmonar. O diagnóstico de HPP foi estabelecido na sequência da investigação requisitada para esclarecimento etiológico da nefrolitíase recidivante constatada nessa doente. Foi submetida à paratiroidectomia subtotal; não obstante, o HPP persistiu. Excluíram-se síndromes genéticas que pudessem justificar esse quadro clínico. Os exames imagiológicos disponíveis (à época) revelaram-se infrutíferos na detecção de paratiroides anômalas; adicionalmente, a doente recusou exploração cirúrgica. Posteriormente, a doente foi submetida a 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT/TC, que revelou a presença de uma paratiroide na janela aortopulmonar.

Patogenia y tratamiento médico de la orbitopatía de graves / Pathogenesis and medical treatment of graves' orbitopathy

La Orbitopatía de Graves se presenta clínicamente en aproximadamente 50 por ciento de los casos de Enfermedad de Graves. La mayoría de las veces es leve y sólo en menos del 5 por ciento pone en riesgo la visión, pese a lo cual deteriora significativamente la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Hasta el momento no se conoce totalmente la patogenia, siendo posiblemente el receptor de TSH el blanco de la autoinmunidad. En cuanto al tratamiento, las medidas preventivas como lograr el eutiroidismo y la suspensión del tabaco son útiles en los distintos grados de la enfermedad. Para los casos más severos se han investigado diferentes medicamentos pero ninguno ha demostrado ser superior a los Glucocorticoides. Actualmente los consensos concuerdan en que es imprescindible clasificar al paciente según grado de actividad y severidad para orientar la terapia con mayor eficacia. Las investigaciones en curso pretenden encontrar una droga que supere el rendimiento existente

Graves' orbitopathy occurs clinically in approximately 50 percent of Graves' Disease. Most often it is mild and only less than 5 percent can threaten vision, despite which it significantly impairs the quality of life of this patients. So far its pathogenesis is not completely understood, but possibly TSH receptor is the target of autoimmunity. In relation to treatment, preventive measures such as achieving euthyroidism and the suspension of tobacco are useful in varying degrees of the disease. For more severe cases, different drugs have been investigated but none has shown superior efficacy to that of Glucocorticoids. Currently, different consensus agrees that it is essential to classify the patient according to levels of activity and severity to guide therapy more effectively. Ongoing investigations aim to find a drug that exceeds the existing performance

Concomitância de bócio coloide com outras doenças tireoidianas: coincidência ou influência de fatores ambientais e individuais? / Colloid goitre concomitant with other thyroid diseases: coincidence or influence of environmental factors and individual?

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Considera-se que aproximadamente um terço da população mundial vive em áreas deficientes de iodo, sendo que 4% a 5% desta têm problemas relacionados à carência, particularmente atraso no desenvolvimento pôndero estatural e redução da capacidade de trabalho. Em virtude da grande prevalência do bócio coloide e sua relação com a deficiência de iodo, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar se há relação de bócio coloide com outras disfunções tireoidianas. MÉTODO: Analisaram-se retrospectivamente prontuários e laudos de exames anatomopatológicos de 256 pacientes submetidos à tireoidectomias no Serviço de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço do Centro Médico Samaritano de Goiânia, no período janeiro de 2004 a dezembro de 2006. RESULTADOS: A amostra apresentava 156 diagnósticos de bócio coloide no qual um era bócio difuso (0,6%), 119 eram multinodulares (76,3%) e 36 uninodulares (23,1%). Em associação, encontrou-se alta frequência de tireoidite linfocítica 75 (47,4%) como segundo diagnóstico, seguido de bócio adenomatoso uninodular 25 (15,8%) e bócio adenomatoso multinodular 16 (10,5%). Quando analisados separadamente, os bócios uninodulares frequentemente se associaram ao bócio adenomatoso uninodular 16 (42,9%) e os bócios multinodulares à tireoidite linfocítica 79 (66,7%). CONCLUSÃO: O estudo determinou prevalência elevada de bócio coloide em 156 pacientes (60,7%), com significante associação à tireoidite linfocítica em 75 (47,4%), carcinoma folicular 16 (10,5%), carcinoma papilar e carcinoma com células de Hürthle 8 (5,3%). Os resultados corroboraram com a literatura em relação às prevalências anatomopatológicas, porém não se encontra estudos da associação de bócio coloide com demais doenças, alertando-se para a necessidade de maior atenção à provável associação.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It is considered that approximately one third of the world population lives in iodine deficient areas, and 4% to 5% that have problems related to the shortage, particularly developmental delay ponder stature and reduced work capacity. Given the high prevalence of goiter colloid and its relationship to iodine deficiency, the aim of this study was to determine whether the same relationship with other thyroid disorders. METHOD: A retrospective medical records and reports of pathological examinations of 256 patients undergoing thyroidectomy at the Department of Surgery of Head and Neck Samaritan Medical Center of Goiania, in the period January 2004 to December 2006. RESULTS: The sample had 156 diagnoses of colloid goiter in which was a diffuse goiter (0.6%), 119 were multinodular (76.3%) and 36 uninodular (23.1%). In combination, we found high frequency of lymphocytic thyroiditis in 75 (47.4%) as a second diagnosis, followed by adenomatous goiter uninodular 25 (15.8%) and multinodular goiter 16 (10.5%). When analyzed separately, the uninodular goiter was often associated with adenomatous goiter uninodular 16 (42.9%) multinodular goiters and lymphocytic thyroiditis 79 (66.7%). CONCLUSION: The study found high prevalence of goiter colloid in 156 patients (60.7%) with significant association with lymphocytic thyroiditis in 75 (47.4%), follicular carcinoma 16 (10.5%), papillary carcinoma and Hürthle cell carcinoma 8 (5.3%). The results corroborate with the literature regarding the prevalence pathological, although in association studies of colloid goiter with other diseases, alerting to the need for greater attention to the possible association.

Primary thyroid tuberculosis: a rare etiology of hypothyroidism and anterior cervical mass mimicking carcinoma / Tuberculose tireoidiana primária: rara etiologia de hipotireoidismo e massa cervical anterior mimetizando carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: The involvement of the thyroid by tuberculosis (TB) is rare. Hypothyroidism caused by tissue destruction is an extremely rare report. Our aim was to report a patient with primary thyroid TB emphasizing the importance of diagnosis, despite the rarity of the occurrence. CASE REPORT: Women, 62 years old, showing extensive cervical mass since four months, referring lack of appetite, weight loss, dysphagia and dysphonia. Laboratorial investigation revealed primary hypothyroidism. Cervical ultrasound: expansive lesion in left thyroid lobe, involving adjacent muscle. Computed tomography scan: 13 cm diameter cervical mass with central necrosis. Fine needle biopsy: hemorrhagic material. Surgery: total thyroidectomy, left radical neck dissection and protective tracheotomy. The pathological examination showed chronic granulomatous inflammatory process with areas of caseous necrosis and lymph node involvement. The thyroid baciloscopy was positive. Pulmonary disease was absent. The patient was treated with antituberculosis drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Thyroid TB is not frequent, and should be considered as differential diagnosis of hypothyroidism and anterior cervical mass.

OBJETIVO: A tuberculose tiroidiana ocorre raramente. O hipotireoidismo decorrente da destruição tiroidiana é um relato raríssimo. Nosso objetivo foi descrever o caso de paciente com tuberculose tiroidiana primária e ressaltar a raridade e a importância da doença. RELATO DO CASO: Mulher, 62 anos, apresentando massa cervical extensa há quatro meses, associada à inapetência, à perda de peso, à disfonia e à disfagia. A investigação laboratorial mostrou hipotireoidismo primário. Ultrassonografia: lesão expansiva em lobo esquerdo, envolvendo musculatura subjacente. Tomografia computadorizada: massa heterogênea com centro necrótico, 13 cm de diâmetro. Biópsia por agulha fina: material serossanguinolento. Cirurgia: tireoidectomia, dissecção radical à esquerda e traqueostomia protetora. Exame anatomopatológico: processo inflamatório crônico granulomatoso com áreas de necrose caseosa e comprometimento linfonodal. Baciloscopia tiroidiana positiva. Ausência de comprometimento pulmonar. A paciente foi tratada com drogas antituberculosas. CONCLUSÕES: Tuberculose tireoidiana não é frequente, mas deve ser considerada como diagnóstico diferencial de hipotireoidismo e massa cervical anterior.

Vitiligo na criança e doença da tireóide / Childhood vitiligo and thyroid disease

A associação entre vitiligo e tireoidopatia na criança é discutível. Cinquenta crianças com vitiligo e 40 sem vitiligo foram submetidas às dosagens séricas de anticorpos antitireoide e hormônio tireoestimulante. Um caso (grupo teste) e um caso controle mostraram títulos de TSH acima do limite normal; o vitiligo não representou maior risco para tireoidopatia.

The association of vitiligo / thyroid disease in childhood is debatable; 50 children with vitiligo and 40 without it were submitted to serum dosage of antithyroid antibodies and thyrostimulating hormone. One case (test group) and one control showed a serum titer of TSH above the normal limit; vitiligo did not represent a greater risk for thyroid disease.

Hypothyroidism following thyroid surgery

Postsurgical hypothyroidism and its incidence has not been fully investigated. In this study, the incidence of hypothyroidism and its possible risk factors at Shariati Hospital was assessed. One hundred and two patients with benign thyroid diseases, who had undergone thyroidectomy, were investigated with regards to thyroid function profile during period of one year after the operation every three months with post-operative sample as the baseline. Hypothyroidism was developed in 36 patients [35.2%] on average 5 +/- 3.2 months after surgery. Factors such as increased age, operation type, histopathologic type, underlying disease, lymphocytic infiltration and use of levothyroxine before surgery were associated with the increased incidence of hypothyroidism. It seems that use of indicators such as Graves' disease and lymphocytic infiltration in pathologic specimens should be helpful in projecting the potential occurrence of hypothyroidism in patients undergoing thyroidectomy